1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
The Loma Prieta Earthquake struck at 5:04 PM, October 17, 1989. The
epicenter
was located in the Santa Cruz mountains, near Loma Prieta peak, about 70
miles south of San Francisco. Measured at 6.9 on the Richter Scale, the worst
damage was in the nearby cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz. There was also
considerable damage throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, especially in
San Francisco and Oakland. 66 people died, over 3757 injuries, $10 billion
in damage.
- Santa Cruz
Damage was especially bad in the downtown business area. Several buildings
collapsed. Two people were killed when stores they were in collapsed on them.
The worst hit buildings were brick and masonry buildings, including several
historic structures. The downtown business area was especially hard hit. Downtown
businesses were relocated in tents in a nearby park for months until virtually
all of the downtown was rebuilt.
- San Francisco
- Marina
The Marina was created by filling in a shallow inlet of San Francisco Bay.
The loosely compacted soils were easily shifted by the earthquake, leading
to widespread building collapse. Many buildings also burned as gas lines broke.
Crucial water pipes broke, adding to the difficulty of fighting the fires.
- Oakland
- Cypress
Freeway
The top deck of this elevated double decker freeway collapsed onto the
lower deck. 42 people were killed here, about half of the total deaths. Initial
estimates of casualties here were as high as 200, based on estimated rush
hour traffic. Rescue efforts were hampered by fears that the whole elevated
structure would come crashing down, endangering rescue workers. They had to
shore up the structure, and carefully uncover the crushed cars.
- Bay
Bridge
The San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge is the most heavily used of the 5
bridges across San Francisco Bay. One section of the top deck roadway, on
the Oakland side, fell at an angle blocking the lower deck. One car drove
off the edge of the gap, crashing onto the lower deck and killing the driver.
The bridge was closed for months for repairs, causing massive traffic jams
on other routes.
This earthquake really demonstrated the importance of the underlying soils
in determining damage from an earthquake. Damage in San Francisco, for instance,
was much worse in the Marina district, which is built on soft soils, than
on the bedrock of the hills. Thousands of buildings throughout the Bay Area
were damaged but the kind of devastation seen in the Marina was confined to
relatively small areas.
Because the quake occurred in an area that has been heavily studied by seismologists and was being monitored at the time, it produced a wealth of data that has aided our understanding of earthquakes. Study of this quake revealed that motion on the San Andreas fault can be more complex than previously thought. Instead of the expected horizontal slipping, in which the Pacific Plate moves north relative to the North American Plate, there was also vertical movement with the pacific Plate slipping under the North American Plate.
Scientists have learned much from Loma Prieta quake (San Jose Mercury News 10/14/09)
These earthquake
hazard maps
show the expected severity of ground shaking in the San Francisco Bay Area
based on the underlying soils and distance from major faults.
